The Etiology Of The Disorder Essay - 772 Words

Describe the etiology of the disorder. Bipolar Disorders are considered complex because of the episodes that are experienced. They include dysfunctional mood, potentially including major depressive episodes, mild to moderate depressive episodes, manic episodes, hypomanic episodes, and mixed episodes, which are often separated by periods of relatively normal mood. (BDII). There are two types of Bipolar Disorders that I will cover in this paper. They include Bipolar I disorder (BP-I) and Bipolar II disorder (BD-II).According to the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, as cited by Kleinman, Lowin, Flood, Gandhi, Edgell, and Revicki (2003), the lifetime prevalence by race and ethnicity for BD - I and BD - II, are as follows: Caucasian 0.8% and 0.4%, African American 1.0% and 0.6%, and Hispanic 0.7% and 0.5%.. Lifetime prevalence rate for Bipolar I is 0.6%and bipolar II it is 0.3% over a 12-month period (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). People who have Bipolar I disorder typically experience alternating episodes of depr ession and mania where there is a separation of some level of ‘normalcy’ in the sequence (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). For example, they might be depressed for 4 days feel normal for a couple of days than go into a manic episode. On the other hand, those with Bipolar II disorder they only experience depressive episodes and will not have an episode of mania. Describe the diagnostic features of the disorder. Describe the differential diagnosisShow MoreRelatedThe Etiology Of The Disorder963 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe the etiology of the disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is an example of a disruptive disorder. Although there are no clear cut causes of ODD, there are factors that play a role in the development of the disorder. They include biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2009). Biological factors include having a parent with a history of ADHD, ODD, or Conduct Disorder (CD), a parent with a mood disorder such as depressionRead MoreThe Etiology Of The Disorder1121 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe the etiology of the disorder. Bipolar Disorders are considered complex because of the episodes that are experienced. They include dysfunctional mood, potentially including major depressive episodes, mild to moderate depressive episodes, manic episodes, and hypomanic episodes, which are often separated by periods of relatively normal mood. There are two types of Bipolar Disorders that I will cover in this paper. They include Bipolar I disorder (BP-I) and Bipolar II disorder (BD-II).AccordingRead MoreEtiology of Borederline Personality Disorder1755 Words   |  7 PagesEtiology of Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder is defined as a mental illness that involves unstable moods, behavior and relationships. There are many other symptoms of borderline personality disorder, some of which include intense irritability, elevated levels of fear, and anger. The etiology of BPD is unknown, but through a number of different studies it is believed that it can be caused by genetics, environmental factors, and/or brain abnormalities. ScientistsRead MoreThe Prevalence, Etiology, And Treatment Of Eating Disorders2893 Words   |  12 PagesEating disorders seem to have become more common during the latter half of the 20th century, during a period of American beauty icons becoming thinner and women’s magazines publishing more articles on methods for weight loss (Garner, Garfinkel, Schwartz, Thompson, 1980). Dissatisfaction with one’s own body a result of the increasingly thin depictions of female body shapes in the mass media has been mainly attributed to the Cauca sian young female population (Striegel-Moore, Silberstein, RodinRead More Childhood Sexual Abuse Impacting the Etiology of Eating Disorders1990 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood Sexual Abuse Impacting the Etiology of Eating Disorders Todays literature estimates that as many as 1 in 3 females and 1 in 7 boys have been the victim of sexual abuse. There are about 2,000 to 3,000 new cases of incest each year in each major city in the United States. It is reported by the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse that in 1993, 2.9 million children were reported to protective services because they were being abused, neglected, or both (Schwartz). 16%Read MoreThe Etiology, Prevalence Rates, And Symptoms Of Major Depressive Disorder1633 Words   |  7 Pagesoccasion, everyone has feelings of sadness, being down, or feeling â€Å"blue†; however, depression is marked by chronic lack of functioning on a daily basis with no resolve. For this paper, I will thoroughly examine the etiology, prevalence rates, and symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder. In addition, I will explore Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for treating MDD. By examining the findings of CBT and MBCT studies for treating MDD, I can be more knowledgeable andRead MoreThe Etiology Of Parental Psychiatric Conditions Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders883 Words   |  4 Pagesto synthesize and analyze journal articles related to the etiology of parental psychiatric conditions of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and the development of psychiatric conditions after diagnosis; and how the two are interrelated and cyclical. Parents of children with ASD encounter a variety of unexpected- emotional, physiological, and financial challenges in their lifetime. Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders often have â€Å"elevated levels of depressive symptoms and psychologicalRead MoreMajor Depression And Its Effects On Social Involvement1565 Words   |  7 PagesMajor Depression Depression is one of the most common therapeutic topics. There are many effects that lead to major depression and thus require distinctive therapy methods. It is a mood disorder that is associated with the body, emotions and thoughts (Hoeksema and rector, 2011). In order for a person to be diagnosed with major depression, they must show at least 4 symptoms from any of the 4 categories; such as mood changes, cognitive changes, physical changes, and behavior changes; and must haveRead MoreThe Topic Of Specific Language Impairment1572 Words   |  7 Pageswhether a person who utilizes sign language can be diagnosed with this disorder. The disorder becomes even more complex when the question of assessment of this disorder is evaluated. The complexity of this disorder further fuels the controversy and frustration of speech language pathologists around the world. To determine ones opinion regarding SLI’s in individuals, whose primary language is sign language, the basics of this disorder must first be addressed. According to Richard Schwartz, an SLI canRead MoreA Beautiful Mind, A Film Based On A True Story Of A Famous970 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological disorder which interfered with his personal life, work, and generally every aspect of his life. The psychological disorder which John suffers from is schizophrenia. Although the etiology of schizophrenia is still unknown, it has become a much more treatable and manageable disorder, but still no cure. Throughout the film, John Nash displays some of the classical schizophrenic symptoms. This essay will elaborate more on these symptoms. Furthermore, what could have been the etiology of his

Ophelias madness Free Essays

Also, Aphelia cannot express herself the way the men around her can, reserving he r to a alone of emotions, which, in addition to being left stranded after the men in her life essentially disappear, bursts into her ultimate insanity. Every person with influence in Aphelion’s life are men: Polonium, her father, Hamlet, her lover, and Alerter, her brother. These are the people who most o f the time dictate her decisions for her. We will write a custom essay sample on Ophelias madness or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the first scene of the play involving Aphelia, h err lines are not many in number or lengthy by any means. This is because Polonium an d Alerter spend the bulk of the scene instructing her. Both men discourage her from try gusting Hamlet’s love. Alerter says, â€Å"His greatness weighed, his will is not his own. For he himself is subject to his birth. † (1. 3. 1718) Alerter is saying that Hamlet cannot be devoted to her because his focus has to be on Denmark as the heir to the thro one. He also tells her to protect her virginity, which is a very authoritative statement a ND possibly an uncomfortable command to receive from your brother. Polonium in the as me scene after Alerter leaves forbids Aphelia from seeing Hamlet again, telling her Ha melt may walk with a â€Å"larger tether†(125) than she, meaning her standards are stricter t Han his ND that she cannot partake in his lifestyle. It is now impossible for Aphelia to remain obedient to her father and be true to her love, Hamlet. In act 3, Aphelia prove s this by lying to Hamlet about her fathers whereabouts in a spy trap Claudia and POI onus set up with her. Hamlet recognizes he is under surveillance and ultimately tells O aphelia he is cutting her off. Aphelia loses her lover Hamlet because of the decision to b e obedient to Polonium, which ironically, is a similar obedience Hamlet has for his own fat her. Being a woman, Aphelia is held to a different standard than the men around err which doesn’t allow her to express herself the way they can based on emotion n. Hamlet plays insanity in a tactic to eventually get revenge, while Alerter storms the ca steel on motives to avenge his fathers death. Aphelia, however, must remain relatively passive. The rejection of her lover and murder of her father causes insurmountable fee lings of anger, stress, and frustration, and with no avenue for these feelings to escape , she must keep them boiling inside. Eventually, she starts taking these inner fruits actions and sorrows out on herself. Upon ACTA, both Hamlet and Aphelia are fatherless FRR ruder, but these similar circumstances do not call for similar reactions. It woo old be absurd for Aphelia to seek revenge as Hamlet has for the his father. This is La rater’s role as he declares, â€Å"only I’ll be revenged most thoroughly for my father. (4. 5. 135136). Being a man, avenging his father is expected, while Aphelion’s expectations ARQ Eire her to remain static on the case even though her feelings for her father are just a s intense as her brother. At this point with the return of Alerter, Aphelia has already boiled over into insanity. Being habituated to the non independent lifestyle subject to the com ands of he men around her, she is at a loss when that authority has essentially Addis appeared. Her father is dead, her brother is away at school, and Hamlet is being export d to England for killing Polonium. Hijacked of this independence, Aphelia inevitably is led to her own destruction with no turning back. Up to this point Aphelia was reserve deed, only speaking few lines, and mainly those lines were in response to a man. After being instructed to stay away from Hamlet in act 1, she simply responds to end the scene, â€Å"I shall obey, my lord . 4. 136). After her madness ensued, she almost seems lie berated from her reserves, and leads the stage. In Act 4, she is the focus of the stage I n scene 5. She sings without embarrassment, says what she is thinking and feels, and everyone listens to her. Unfortunately, though everyone is listening, they are not under standing what she is expressing, only associating her songs and words with her madden Additionally, Aphelion’s madness can be last traced, but not limited to, the dead h of her father. Most of her songs of madness refer to her father, like in act 4, s cone 5, † Sings. Larded with sweet flowers, which between to the g rave did go with truelove meaning she has been crying over the death Of her father . In one Eng Aphelia refers to Hamlet saying, â€Å"Quota she, before you tumbled me, you promised me to wed. Meaning Hamlet promised to marry her if she came to bed with him, but the following few lines, â€Å"So would I ha’ done, by yonder sun, an thou heads not come to my bed. â€Å"(4. 5. 6265) show Hamlets deceitful double standard where he says he would’ve married her if she wouldn’t have come to his bed. Accustomed to the precept that she must be fully obedient to her father polo anus, Aphelia is torn when he commands her to stay away from her lover, Hamlet. This inner strife erodes her mind because she cannot express these conflicting emotion to anyone. Instead, because of the differences between an honorable lady and a upstanding man of this time period, Aphelia is expected to remain neutral on the events in her life, even after her father is murdered by Hamlet, whom she once loved . Being habituated to the men in her life commanding most of her decisions, Aphelia IS non path of ruin when these men essentially disappear (Polonium her father is dead d, Alerter her brother is overseas, and Hamlet is on his way to England). Accordingly, the e bottled feelings inside her having no reserve any longer, release out all at once, cause Eng her omelet fundamental change and obvious insanity. Had Aphelia disobeyed her father and given herself to her lover Hamlet, her fathers death may have never coco red, for Hamlet was driven into blinding anger when he was betrayed by her, losing the e last person he had to trust. Though a minor character, Aphelion’s impact is a pope rueful one. Her madness was inevitable and reflective of the situation women of her time were often in, being subject to the male dominance which prevailed. Equality amongst m en and women is important, for a double standard is an impossible one to operate WI thin whilst maintaining a healthy sanity. 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Relevant Income Tax Rules and Formulas

Questions: Giving reasons, indicate any amounts that would be included as assessable income of the following resident taxpayers for the 2016/17 tax year: (a) Nick Addison is employed by Lazarus Holdings Ltd. His net weekly wages totalled $78,000 for the year. Total PAYG tax withheld from Nicks weekly wages from Lazarus and forwarded to the ATO amounted to $19,000?(b) Additional wages paid to Nick as a Christmas bonus of $6,000 (net of $4,200 PAYG tax withheld)?(c) Reimbursement of out-of-pocket travel costs of $1,200 that Nick incurred during his employment?(d) A travel allowance totalling $2,800. No PAYG was withheld from this amount?(e) Lazarus paid health insurance premiums for Nick and his wife to the value of $2,750?(f) $10,000 superannuation contribution to Lazarus Holdings Superannuation Fund on behalf of Nick?(g) Chris receives casual wages as a freelance journalist. On 4 July 2016 Chris was seriously injured when he fell down seven flights of stairs whilst jogging one morning. He received $50,000 during the year from his sickness and accident insurance policy for loss of income?(h) Chris also received $8,000 from his health i nsurance policy towards various operations and rehabilitation that he required?(i) Chris received a $70,000 lump sum under a trauma insurance policy for his right foot, which eventually required amputation?(j) Chris received a cheque for $5,400, which represented long service leave that he had accrued from several years as a part-time copywriter. This amount is net of $1,600 PAYG tax withheld? Answers: a) Nature of income (Amount): Assessable (78000+19000= $ 97,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5), ITAA 1997Explanation: Wages tend to be employment income which tends to form an integral part of the ordinary income for the taxpayer. b) Nature of income (Amount): Assessable (6000+4200= $ 10,200)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5), ITAA 1997Explanation: Christmas bonus tends to arise because of the employment relationship with the employer and thereby would be termed as ordinary income.c) Nature of income (Amount): Non-Assessable Relevant Section/Case Law: Hochstrasser v Mayes [1960] AC 376 Explanation: The taxpayer is not gaining anything as the reimbursement is just providing the work related expenses that the taxpayer has borne out of his pocket. Hence, not income.d) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 2,800)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5), ITAA 1997, TR92/15, Eisner v. Macomber (1920) 252 US 189Explanation: Allowances are fixed payments which the taxpayer wou ld receive and it would lead to a gain in the overall income as this is extend irrespective of the actual related expense. Further, it is of continuous nature and hence forms part of employment income.e) Nature of income (Amount):Non-Assessable Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 20, FBTAA 1986Explanation: Health insurance premium is a expense of private nature which is being paid by the employer which results in application of fringe benefit. These are taxable at employers end only with no implications for the employee. f) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 10,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5), ATO ID 2014/31, Hochstrasser v Mayes [1960] AC 376 Explanation: Employer is mandated to contribute to the superannuation fund for employee while the employee is also required to make a contribution. However, the fact that employer is making a payment for the part which ought to be met for employer ensures real gain and predictability and hence reimbursement leading to actual ga in. g) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 50,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5), TR 2016/D1, Sommer v FCT 2002 ATC 4815Explanation: The compensation benefits tend to assume the same nature as the payments they provide compensation for. Since, loss of income refers to ordinary income loss, thus, compensation benefits recognised as ordinary income. h) Nature of income (Amount):Non-Assessable Relevant Section/Case Law: TR 2016/D1, Sommer v FCT 2002 ATC 4815Explanation: Payments directed at providing reimbursement and ensuring that earning capacity is not impaired due to lack of treatment. Hence, the payments lack revenue nature.i) Nature of income (Amount):Non-Assessable Relevant Section/Case Law: TR 2016/D1, Sommer v FCT 2002 ATC 4815Explanation: The compensation benefits tend to assume the same nature as the payments they provide compensation for. The payment is directed to provide compensation for earning potential loss which is an asset and hence making these payments as capital receipts. The capital gains implications have been ignored.j) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 5,400 + $1,600 = $ 7,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5), SGR 2009/2Explanation: The long service leaves are accrued only on account of the employment relationship with the employer and thus is a benefit arising directly which may be readily converted into cash and hence ordinary income.k) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable (79000+ 154000 = $ 233,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5)Explanation: Income generated by a medical practitioner based on personal exertion in the field of skill would lead to ordinary income.l) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable (14000 + 16000 = $ 30,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5), TR 95/35, TR95/18, Sommer v FCT 2002 ATC 4815, Liftronic Pty Ltd v. FC of T 96 ATC 4425; (1996) 32 ATR 557Explanation: The reimbursement of deductible expenses lead to inflow which has revenue nature and hence terms as ordinary income. Demurrage related compensation seek to compensate for income loss and due to ordinary income of the underlying income, the compensation receipts in this regard would be assessable income. Truck is an income generating asset for the company considering the business and it has suffered permanent damage and hence proceeds would be capital with no capital gains since t he compensation and book value of truck is same. m) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable (21000 + 7800 + 3200 = $ 32,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5), TR 95/35, TR95/18, Sommer v FCT 2002 ATC 4815, FC of T v Wade (1951) 84 CLR 104Explanation: The cash sales loss amount to loss of business income which is ordinary and hence compensation derived from the same also ordinary income. Trading stock is a revenue asset and hence the underlying receipts on disposal of the same would be revenue giving rise to assessable income. The reimbursement of deductible business expenses lead to inflow which has revenue nature and hence terms as ordinary income. Medical expenses are a personal nature expense and hence compensation does not lead to assessable income.n) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 25,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: IT 2668AExplanation: Services offered by way of contra transactions do lead to assessable income as non-cash benefit has been extracted on account of the service offered. o) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 19,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(5)Explanation: Income derived from profession is ordinary income irrespective of the beneficiary account in which it is diverted provided the consent of service provider has to be present.p) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 8,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(10)Explanation: Payment in non-cash benefit taken for extension of services and hence this would amount to statutory income and would be assessable.q) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 250)Relevant Section/Case Law: Section 6(10), TR 2005/13Explanation: Payment in non-cash benefit taken for extension of services and hence this would amount to statutory income and would be assessable. Extension of cufflinks is not gift since it arises from business relations and is not voluntary.r) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 3,280)Relevant Section/Case Law: TD 1999/6Explanation: When travelling is part of busin ess and forms deductible business expense, then the customer loyalty program related benefits are termed as assessable in nature.s) Nature of income (Amount):Assessable ($ 30,000)Relevant Section/Case Law: TR 2009/5Explanation: Trade incentives which are offered so not lead to a downward adjustment in the cost of trading stock. Such trade incentives are considered assessable income as these are linked to particular performance. t) Nature of income (Amount):Non- Assessable Relevant Section/Case Law: TD 2009/5Explanation: It is common practice for suppliers to extend a host of material and goods for their sale promotion but these are essentially linked to generation of a particular sale figure. In these cases, this would make contributions to assessable income. However, this is not the case here as despite closure of business, the seller would continue to keep the machine and other promotional accessory hinting that the receipts are not assessable.